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Al-?Alā? ibn Mughīth[a] (Arabic: ?????? ?? ????), called variously al-Ya??ubī, al-?a?ramī or al-Judhāmī,[1] was the ?Abbāsid-appointed governor of al-Andalus (Spain) in opposition to the Umayyads in AD 763 (AH 146).[b]
The chronicles disagree about al-?Alā? ibn Mughīth's origins. The Fat? al-Andalus, Ibn al-Athīr, al-Nuwayrī and al-Ma??arī claim that he was a native of Ifrī?iya (Tunisia) sent to Spain by the ?Abbāsid caliph al-Man?ūr (r. 754–775). On the other hand, the Akhbār majmū?a, Ibn al-?ū?iyya and Ibn ?Idhārī claim that he was from Beja in southwestern al-Andalus, where he held the local office of riyāsa (political and military headship).[1] The historian Roger Collins inclines to the view that he was a foreigner sent by the caliph.[2] Maribel Fierro is of the opinion that later chronicles confused Ibn Mughīth with his successor, thereby concocting an African origin for him.[1]
Al-?Alā? ibn Mughīth set up his government in 763 in Beja, where he had the support of the local Egyptian jund (Arab army division).[1] Although Islamic historiography and much modern historiography treats this event as an internal rebellion against the Umayyads, it is better viewed as conflict over legitimate authority between two rival caliphal lines. The temporary success of Ibn Mughīth is evidence that there existed support for the ?Abbāsid claim in al-Andalus.[2]
The Umayyad emir[c] ?Abd al-Ra?mān I (r. 756–788) avoided a pitched battle with his rival and even abandoned his capital, Córdoba, for the fortress of Carmona. Al-?Alā? ibn Mughīth besieged Carmona for two months, which suggests that the forces available to ?Abd al-Ra?mān I were not large. Many Andalusī leaders must have been awaiting the result of the conflict before deciding which side to support.[2] The Syrian jund of Seville, which had Ya??ubī members, may have gone over to Ibn Mughīth. According to the Akhbār majmū?a, the Palestinian jund under Ghiyāth ibn ?Al?ama al-Lakhmī marched from Sidonia to join the siege but was intercepted by an army under Badr, a freedman of ?Abd al-Ra?mān, who negotiated its withdrawal.[1]
The siege was ended when a well-timed sortie by the defenders caught the besiegers unprepared. Ibn Mughīth and the other ?Abbāsid leaders were killed in the fighting. His head was secretly sent to Kairouan as a warning to other would-be ?Abbāsid governors. Some sources have it sent, less plausibly, to Mecca.[2]
The next ?Abbāsid governor, ?Abd al-Ra?mān ibn ?abīb al-?iqlābī, was sent from Ifrī?iya in 777.[2]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Some sources use the spelling Mughī?, others use the definite article, i.e., al-Mughīth.
- ^ Some sources place the event in AH 144 or 145.[1]
- ^ The Umayyads of Spain did not take the caliphal title until the 10th century.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f E. Manzano Moreno, "The Settlement and Organisations of the Syrian Junds in al-Andalus", in Manuela Marin (ed.), The Formation of al-Andalus, Part 1: History and Society (Ashgate, 1998), pp. 85–114.
- ^ a b c d e R. Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 135–36.