2017年04月18日 21:34
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2015) |
The Igbo calendar (Igbo: ??g??àf?? ??gbò[citation needed]) is the traditional calendar system of the Igbo people from present-day Nigeria. The calendar has 13 months in a year (Af?), 7 weeks in a month (?nwa), and 4 days of Igbo market days (Eke, Orie, Af?, and Nkw?) in a week (Izu) plus an extra day at the end of the year, in the last month. The name of these months was reported by Onwuejeogwu (1981).[1]
Although worship and spirit-honoring were a very big part in the creation and development of the Igbo calendar system, commerce also played a major role in creating the Igbo calendar. This was emphasized in Igbo mythology itself. An example of this is the Igbo market days of which each community has a day assigned to open its markets, this way the Igbo calendar is still in use.
Some Igbo communities have tried to adjust the thirteen month calendar to twelve months, in line with the Gregorian calendar.[2]
The calendar is neither universal nor synchronized, so various groups will be at different stages of the week, or even year. Nonetheless the four-eight day cycle serves to synchronize the inter-village market days, and substantial parts (for example the Kingdom of Nri) do share the same year-start.
Market days
[edit]Igbos generally have four market days, namely: Eke, Orie, Af? and Nkw?. The market days according to the Igbo calendar follow each other sequentially as shown below:
- Eke
- Orie
- Af?
- Nkw?
In various parts of Igboland, each community has a market named after the aforementioned four market days, e.g., Eke market, Af? market.
System
[edit]In the traditional Igbo calendar, a week (Igbo: Izu) has 4 days (Igbo: Ubochi) (Eke, Orie, Af?, Nkw?), seven weeks make one month (Igbo: ?nwa), a month has 28 days and there are 13 months a year. In the last month, an extra day is added (an intercalary day). The traditional time keepers in Igboland are the priests or Dibia.[3]
| No. | Months (?nwa) | Gregorian equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ?nwa Mb? | (February–March) |
| 2 | ?nwa Ab?? | (March–April) |
| 3 | ?nwa Ife Eke | (April–May) |
| 4 | ?nwa An? | (May–June) |
| 5 | ?nwa Agw? | (June–July) |
| 6 | ?nwa Ifeji?k? | (July–August) |
| 7 | ?nwa Al?m Chi | (August to early September) |
| 8 | ?nwa Il? Mm?? | (Late September) |
| 9 | ?nwa Ana | (October) |
| 10 | ?nwa Okike | (Early November) |
| 11 | ?nwa Ajana | (Late November) |
| 12 | ?nwa Ede Ajana | (Late November to December) |
| 13 | ?nwa ?z? Al?s? | (January to early February)[1] |
The days correspond to the four cardinal points, Af? corresponds to north, Nkw? to south, Eke to east, and Orie to west.[4] These spirits, who were fishmongers, were created by Chineke (Faith and Destiny) in order to establish a social system throughout Igboland.
While there are four days, they come in alternate cycles of "major" and "minor", giving a longer eight day cycle.[5]
An example of a month: ?nwa Mb?
| Eke | Orie | Af? | Nkw? |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | ||
| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
| 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
| 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
| 27 | 28 |
Use
[edit]The Igbo calendar is not universal, and is described as "not something written down and followed ... rather it is observed in the mind of the people."[6]
Naming after dates
[edit]Newborn babies are sometimes named after the day they were born on, though this is no longer commonly used. Names such as Mgbeke (maiden [born] on the day of Eke), Mgborie (maiden [born] on the Orie day), and so on were common among the Igbo people. For males Mgbo is replaced by Oko (Igbo: Male child [of]) or Nwa (Igbo: Child [of]). An example of this is Nwankwo Kanu, a popular footballer.[3][7]
Months and meanings
[edit]The following months are in reference to the Nri-Igbo calendar of the Nri kingdom which may differ from other Igbo calendars in terms of naming, rituals, and ceremonies surrounding the months.
?nwa Mb?
[edit]The first month starts from the third week of February making it the Igbo new year. The Nri-Igbo calendar year corresponding to the Gregorian year of 2012 was initially slated to begin with the annual year-counting festival known as Igu Aro on 18 February (an Nkw? day on the third week of February). The Igu Aro festival which was held in March marked the lunar year as the 1013th recorded year of the Nri calendar.[8]
?nwa Ab??
[edit]This month is dedicated to cleaning and farming.
?nwa Ife Eke
[edit]Is described as the fasting period, usually known as “Ugani” in Igbo meaning 'hunger period'. It is the period in which all must fast in sacrificial harmony to the goddess Ani of the Earth. Many communities host competitive wrestling events in this month as it is dedicated to finding one's Ikenga through conquering personal and communal struggle.
?nwa An?
[edit]?nwa An? is when the planting of seed yams/yam seeds start. In many communities this is the month of the Ekeleke dance festival which emphasizes optimism, sustaining your belief in God through hardships and the coming of better days.
?nwa Agw?
[edit]?g?chi na mmanw? come out in this month which are adult masquerades. ?nwa Agwu is the traditional start of the year.[9][10] The Alusi Agwu, after which the month is named, is venerated by the Dibia (priests), by whom Agwu is specifically worshipped, in this month.
?nwa Ifeji?k?
[edit]This month is dedicated to the yam deity ifejioku and Njoku Ji and yam rituals are performed in this month for the New Yam Festival.
?nwa Al?m Chi
[edit]This month sees the harvesting of the yam. This month is also a time of prayer and meditation for women. The Alom Chi is a shrine or memorial a woman builds in honor of her ancestors. This month is dedicated to reconnecting with the ancestors by breaking kola and holding communion with them. Onwa Alom Chi is also dedicated to venerating mothers and motherhood, honoring womenhood, remembering ones 'first mother' (the woman which all of humanity and creation comes from) as well as connecting one's children, including those that are yet to be born.
?nwa Ilo Mm??
[edit]A festival called ?nwa Asat? (Igbo: Eighth Month) is held in this month.
?nwa Ana
[edit]Ana (or Ala) is the Igbo earth goddess and rituals for this deity commence in this month, hence it is named after her.
?nwa Okike
[edit]Okike ritual takes place in this month.
?nwa Ajana
[edit]Okike ritual also takes place in ?nwa Ajana.
?nwa Ede Ajana
[edit]Ritual Ends
?nwa ?z? Al?s?
[edit]The last month sees the offering to the Alusi.
Festivals
[edit]Two major festivals are the new year festival (?g? Ar?), due around 18 February, the planting season when the king, the Eze Nri in the Nri area, tells the Igbo to go and sow their seed after the next rainfall, and the Harvest festival (Emume ?nwa-asat?) in the eighth month.[11]
The Nri-Igbo yearly counting festival known as ?g? Ar? marked 10 March 2012 as the beginning of the 1,013th year of the Nri calendar. The festival was delayed due to other events.
Im?ka is celebrated on the 20th day of the second month.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu (1981). An Igbo civilization: Nri kingdom & hegemony. Ethnographica. ISBN 978-123-105-X.
- ^ J?n ?f?egbu ?kaegbu (1991). Igbo Identity and Personality Vis-à-vis Igbo Cultural Symbols. Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Facultad de Filosofia.
- ^ a b Udeani, Chibueze C. (2007). Inculturation as dialogue: Igbo culture and the message of Christ. Rodopi. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-90-420-2229-4.
- ^ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-521-45599-5.
- ^ "A?? Magazine". A?? Journal (1). {Cultural Division, Ministry of Education and Information}: 79, 104. 1979. ISSN 0331-1937. LCCN 88659506.
- ^ Sylvanus Nnamdi Onuigbo (2001). The history of Ntuegbe Nese: A Five-town Clan. Afro-Orbus Publishing Company, Limited. ISBN 9789783525368.
- ^ "Naming practice guide UK 2006" (PDF). March 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ "Day MASSOB Took Over Nri Kingdom". Thenigerianvoice.com. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ Aguwa, Jude C. U. (1995). The Agwu deity in Igbo religion. Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 978-156-399-0.
- ^ Hammer, Jill (2006). The Jewish book of days: a companion for all seasons. Jewish Publication Society. p. 224. ISBN 0-8276-0831-4.
- ^ Godwin Boswell Akubue (1 January 2013). Cow Without Tail, Book 1. Dorrance Publishing. ISBN 9781434915399.
- ^ Emmanuel Kaanene Anizoba (2010). Ngü Ar? ?ka: The ?ka Lunar Calendar, 2010-2021. Demercury Bright Printing & Publishing.
13. H.R.H Silver Ibenye-Ugbala Igbo Calendar from A.D. 0001 to A.D. 8064: With a Comparative Examination of Gregorian and Other World Calendars
External links
[edit]| Systems | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In wide use | |||||||
In more limited use |
| ||||||
| Historical | |||||||
| By specialty |
| ||||||
| Reform proposals | |||||||
Displays and applications | |||||||
Year naming and numbering |
| ||||||
| Fictional | |||||||
Igbo topics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History (chronological order) | |||||
| Subgroups | |||||
| Politics | |||||
| Geography (Igboland) |
| ||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Culture | |||||
| Language |
| ||||
| Wikipedia | |||||
