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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | KLK7, PRSS6, SCCE, hK7, kallikrein related peptidase 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 604438; MGI: 1346336; HomoloGene: 37998; GeneCards: KLK7; OMA:KLK7 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a serine protease that in humans is encoded by the KLK7 gene.[5][6][7][8] KLK7 was initially purified from the epidermis and characterised as stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE).[9] It was later identified as the seventh member of the human kallikrein family, which includes fifteen homologous serine proteases located on chromosome 19 (19q13).[10]
Gene
[edit]Alternative splicing of the KLK7 gene results in two transcript variants encoding the same protein.[8]
Function
[edit]KLK7 is secreted as an inactive zymogen in the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis, requiring proteolytic cleavage of the short N-terminal pro-region to liberate activated enzyme. This may be performed by KLK5 or matriptase, which are in vitro activators of KLK7.[11][12]
Once active, KLK7 is able to cleave desmocollin and corneodesmosin.[13] These proteins constitute the extracellular component of corneodesmosomes, intercellular cohesive structures which link the intermediate filaments of adjacent cells in the stratum corneum. Proteolysis of corneodesmosomes is required for desquamation, the shedding of corneocytes from the outer layer of the epidermis. This indicates a role for KLK7 in maintaining skin homeostasis. For example, KLK7 expression is highly downregulated at acral surfaces where desquamation is delayed and the epidermis is thick.[14]
Both KLK5 and KLK14, other skin-expressed proteases, also cleave corneodesmosomal proteins.[13] KLK5 is able to undergo autoactivation, as well as activating KLK7 and KLK14, suggesting a KLK skin cascade is responsible for coordinating desquamation.[12]
KLK7 activity is regulated by a number of endogenous protein inhibitors including LEKTI,[15][16] SPINK6,[17] elafin[18] and alpha-2-Macroglobulin-like 1.[19] Both Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions are also able to inhibit KLK7.[18]
KLK7 is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, preferring to cleave proteins at the residues tyrosine, phenylalanine or leucine.[20] Analysis of peptide substrate hydrolysis indicates a strong preference for tyrosine at P1.[21]
Clinical significance
[edit]Skin disease
[edit]Dysregulation of KLK7 has been linked to several skin disorders including atopic dermatitis,[22][23] psoriasis[24] and Netherton syndrome.[25][26] These diseases are characterised by excessively dry, scaly and inflamed skin, due to a disruption of skin homeostasis and correct barrier function.
Cancer
[edit]Overexpression of KLK7 may provide a route for metastasis in ovarian,[27] breast,[28] pancreatic,[29] cervix,[30] and melanoma[31] cancers by excessive cleavage of cell junction proteins. It may also be underexpressed in lung cancer.[32]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169035 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030713 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Hansson L, Str?mqvist M, B?ckman A, Wallbrandt P, Carlstein A, Egelrud T (July 1994). "Cloning, expression, and characterization of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme. A skin-specific human serine proteinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (30): 19420–19426. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32185-3. PMID 8034709.
- ^ Lundwall A, Band V, Blaber M, Clements JA, Courty Y, Diamandis EP, et al. (June 2006). "A comprehensive nomenclature for serine proteases with homology to tissue kallikreins" (PDF). Biological Chemistry. 387 (6): 637–641. doi:10.1515/BC.2006.082. PMID 16800724. S2CID 436200.
- ^ "Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Kallikreins, Lausanne, Switzerland, September 1-3, 2005". Biological Chemistry. 387 (6): 635–824. June 2006. doi:10.1515/BC.2006.081. PMID 16800723. S2CID 83910246.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: KLK7 kallikrein-related peptidase 7".
- ^ Lundstr?m A, Egelrud T (1991). "Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme: a proteinase which may be generally present in the stratum corneum and with a possible involvement in desquamation". Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 71 (6): 471–474. doi:10.2340/0001555571471474. PMID 1685827.
- ^ Yousef GM, Scorilas A, Magklara A, Soosaipillai A, Diamandis EP (August 2000). "The KLK7 (PRSS6) gene, encoding for the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme is a new member of the human kallikrein gene family - genomic characterization, mapping, tissue expression and hormonal regulation". Gene. 254 (1–2): 119–128. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00280-8. PMID 10974542.
- ^ Sales KU, Masedunskas A, Bey AL, Rasmussen AL, Weigert R, List K, et al. (August 2010). "Matriptase initiates activation of epidermal pro-kallikrein and disease onset in a mouse model of Netherton syndrome". Nature Genetics. 42 (8): 676–683. doi:10.1038/ng.629. PMC 3081165. PMID 20657595.
- ^ a b Brattsand M, Stefansson K, Lundh C, Haasum Y, Egelrud T (January 2005). "A proteolytic cascade of kallikreins in the stratum corneum". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 124 (1): 198–203. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23547.x. PMID 15654974.
- ^ a b Caubet C, Jonca N, Brattsand M, Guerrin M, Bernard D, Schmidt R, et al. (May 2004). "Degradation of corneodesmosome proteins by two serine proteases of the kallikrein family, SCTE/KLK5/hK5 and SCCE/KLK7/hK7". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 122 (5): 1235–1244. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22512.x. PMID 15140227.
- ^ Merleev AA, Le ST, Alexanian C, Toussi A, Xie Y, Marusina AI, et al. (August 2022). "Biogeographic and disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid composition and single-cell analysis of acral keratinocytes". JCI Insight. 7 (16): e159762. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.159762. PMC 9462509. PMID 35900871.
- ^ Deraison C, Bonnart C, Lopez F, Besson C, Robinson R, Jayakumar A, et al. (September 2007). "LEKTI fragments specifically inhibit KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and control desquamation through a pH-dependent interaction". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 18 (9): 3607–3619. doi:10.1091/mbc.e07-02-0124. PMC 1951746. PMID 17596512.
- ^ Egelrud T, Brattsand M, Kreutzmann P, Walden M, Vitzithum K, Marx UC, et al. (December 2005). "hK5 and hK7, two serine proteinases abundant in human skin, are inhibited by LEKTI domain 6". The British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (6): 1200–1203. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06834.x. PMID 16307658. S2CID 42775195.
- ^ Meyer-Hoffert U, Wu Z, Kantyka T, Fischer J, Latendorf T, Hansmann B, et al. (October 2010). "Isolation of SPINK6 in human skin: selective inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (42): 32174–32181. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.091850. PMC 2952218. PMID 20667819.
- ^ a b Franzke CW, Baici A, Bartels J, Christophers E, Wiedow O (September 1996). "Antileukoprotease inhibits stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme. Evidence for a regulative function in desquamation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (36): 21886–21890. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.36.21886. PMID 8702990.
- ^ Galliano MF, Toulza E, Gallinaro H, Jonca N, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Serre G, Guerrin M (March 2006). "A novel protease inhibitor of the alpha2-macroglobulin family expressed in the human epidermis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (9): 5780–5789. doi:10.1074/jbc.m508017200. PMID 16298998.
- ^ Skytt A, Str?mqvist M, Egelrud T (June 1995). "Primary substrate specificity of recombinant human stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 211 (2): 586–589. Bibcode:1995BBRC..211..586S. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1853. PMID 7794273.
- ^ Debela M, Magdolen V, Schechter N, Valachova M, Lottspeich F, Craik CS, et al. (September 2006). "Specificity profiling of seven human tissue kallikreins reveals individual subsite preferences". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (35): 25678–25688. doi:10.1074/jbc.M602372200. PMID 16740631.
- ^ Komatsu N, Saijoh K, Kuk C, Liu AC, Khan S, Shirasaki F, et al. (June 2007). "Human tissue kallikrein expression in the stratum corneum and serum of atopic dermatitis patients". Experimental Dermatology. 16 (6): 513–519. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00562.x. PMID 17518992. S2CID 866377.
- ^ Vasilopoulos Y, Cork MJ, Murphy R, Williams HC, Robinson DA, Duff GW, et al. (July 2004). "Genetic association between an AACC insertion in the 3'UTR of the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme gene and atopic dermatitis". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 123 (1): 62–66. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22708.x. PMID 15191543.
- ^ Ekholm E, Egelrud T (April 1999). "Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme in psoriasis". Archives of Dermatological Research. 291 (4): 195–200. doi:10.1007/s004030050393. PMID 10335915. S2CID 37395502.
- ^ Descargues P, Deraison C, Bonnart C, Kreft M, Kishibe M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, et al. (January 2005). "Spink5-deficient mice mimic Netherton syndrome through degradation of desmoglein 1 by epidermal protease hyperactivity". Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1038/ng1493. PMID 15619623. S2CID 11404025.
- ^ Descargues P, Deraison C, Prost C, Fraitag S, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, D'Alessio M, et al. (July 2006). "Corneodesmosomal cadherins are preferential targets of stratum corneum trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like hyperactivity in Netherton syndrome". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 126 (7): 1622–1632. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700284. PMID 16628198.
- ^ Dong Y, Kaushal A, Brattsand M, Nicklin J, Clements JA (May 2003). "Differential splicing of KLK5 and KLK7 in epithelial ovarian cancer produces novel variants with potential as cancer biomarkers". Clinical Cancer Research. 9 (5): 1710–1720. PMID 12738725.
- ^ Talieri M, Diamandis EP, Gourgiotis D, Mathioudaki K, Scorilas A (January 2004). "Expression analysis of the human kallikrein 7 (KLK7) in breast tumors: a new potential biomarker for prognosis of breast carcinoma". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 91 (1): 180–186. doi:10.1160/TH03-05-0261. PMID 14691584. S2CID 5692357.
- ^ Johnson SK, Ramani VC, Hennings L, Haun RS (May 2007). "Kallikrein 7 enhances pancreatic cancer cell invasion by shedding E-cadherin". Cancer. 109 (9): 1811–1820. doi:10.1002/cncr.22606. PMID 17354228. S2CID 8142528.
- ^ Santin AD, Cane' S, Bellone S, Bignotti E, Palmieri M, De Las Casas LE, et al. (August 2004). "The serine protease stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (kallikrein 7) is highly overexpressed in squamous cervical cancer cells". Gynecologic Oncology. 94 (2): 283–288. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.05.023. PMID 15297163.
- ^ Rezze GG, Fregnani JH, Duprat J, Landman G (March 2011). "Cell adhesion and communication proteins are differentially expressed in melanoma progression model". Human Pathology. 42 (3): 409–418. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2010.09.004. PMID 21193224.
- ^ Planque C, de Monte M, Guyetant S, Rollin J, Desmazes C, Panel V, et al. (April 2005). "KLK5 and KLK7, two members of the human tissue kallikrein family, are differentially expressed in lung cancer". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 329 (4): 1260–1266. Bibcode:2005BBRC..329.1260P. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.100. PMID 15766562.
Further reading
[edit]- Gan L, Lee I, Smith R, Argonza-Barrett R, Lei H, McCuaig J, et al. (October 2000). "Sequencing and expression analysis of the serine protease gene cluster located in chromosome 19q13 region". Gene. 257 (1): 119–130. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00382-6. PMID 11054574.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, et al. (December 2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Diamandis EP, Scorilas A, Kishi T, Blennow K, Luo LY, Soosaipillai A, et al. (March 2004). "Altered kallikrein 7 and 10 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia". Clinical Biochemistry. 37 (3): 230–237. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.012. PMID 14972646.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, et al. (October 2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2121–2127. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Ishida-Yamamoto A, Deraison C, Bonnart C, Bitoun E, Robinson R, O'Brien TJ, et al. (February 2005). "LEKTI is localized in lamellar granules, separated from KLK5 and KLK7, and is secreted in the extracellular spaces of the superficial stratum granulosum". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 124 (2): 360–366. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23583.x. PMID 15675955.
- Yamasaki K, Schauber J, Coda A, Lin H, Dorschner RA, Schechter NM, et al. (October 2006). "Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin". FASEB Journal. 20 (12): 2068–2080. doi:10.1096/fj.06-6075com. PMID 17012259. S2CID 18170331.
- Debela M, Hess P, Magdolen V, Schechter NM, Steiner T, Huber R, et al. (October 2007). "Chymotryptic specificity determinants in the 1.0 A structure of the zinc-inhibited human tissue kallikrein 7". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (41): 16086–16091. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10416086D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707811104. PMC 2042166. PMID 17909180.
External links
[edit]- The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.017[permanent dead link]
