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| Open-mid back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ? | |||
| IPA number | 306 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɔ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0254 | ||
| X-SAMPA | O | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ???. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ?o?, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.
In English, the symbol ??? (or ????) is typically associated with the vowel in "thought", but in Received Pronunciation ("RP", standard British English), Australian English, New Zealand English and South African English that vowel is produced with considerably stronger lip rounding and higher tongue position than that of cardinal [?], i.e. as close-mid [o?] or somewhat lower. Open-mid [??] or even open [??] realizations are found in North American English (where this vowel is often indistinguishable from the open back unrounded vowel in "bra") and Scottish English as well as Hiberno-English, Northern England English and Welsh English, though in the last three accent groups closer, [o?]-like realizations are also found. In RP, the open-mid realization of /??/ has been obsolete since the 1930s. Pronouncing that vowel as such is subject to correction for non-native speakers aiming at RP.[2][3][4][5]
In Received Pronunciation and Australian English, the open-mid back rounded vowel occurs as the main allophone of the LOT vowel /?/. The contrast between /??/ and /?/ is thus strongly maintained, with the former vowel being realized as close-mid [o?] and the latter as open-mid [?], similarly to the contrast between /o/ and /?/ found in German, Italian and Portuguese.[2][3][6]
Features
[edit]- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Tosk | tort? | [?t??t?] | 'cake' | |
| Armenian | Eastern[7] | ???? ho?m | [h??m] | 'storm' | |
| Assamese | ?? / kor | [k??] | 'to do' | May also be transcribed as fully low [?] or "over-rounded" [??] | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[8] | w?s | [β??s] | 'what' | Contrasts close [u], near-close [o?], close-mid [o] and open-mid [?] back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [?].[8][9] Typically transcribed in IPA with ???. |
| Bengali[10] | ???? ortho | [?rt???] | 'meaning' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Breton[11] | roll | [?r?l?] | 'list' | ||
| Bulgarian[12] | род rod | [r?t?] | 'kin' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[13] | soc | [?s?k] | 'clog' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 我 ngo5 | [?????] | 'I, me, my' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Hokkien | 某 bó? | [b??2] | 'wife' | See Hokkien phonology | |
| Cipu | Tirisino dialect[14] | k?d? | [k???????] | 'cut down!' | Near-back.[15] |
| Danish | Standard[16][17] | kort | [?k???t] | 'map' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ????. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[18] | och | ? | 'alas' | 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[19] strongly pharyngealized[20] (although less so in standard Belgian[21]) and somewhat fronted.[18][22] See Dutch phonology |
| Standard Northern[22] | |||||
| English | Australian[2] | not | ? | 'not' | See Australian English phonology |
| Estuary[23] | |||||
| New Zealand[24] | May be somewhat fronted.[25] Often transcribed in IPA with ???. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[3][6] | /?/ has shifted up in emerging RP. | ||||
| General American | thought | [θ??t] | 'thought' | Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be lower [?]. (It is rarely lowered to /?/ before liquids /l ?/, and may thus be more familiar to many North Americans in r-colored form, /??/.) | |
| Scottish[26] | Most Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of [?] quality. | ||||
| Sheffield[27] | goat | [ɡ??t] | 'goat' | Common realization of the GOAT vowel particularly for males. | |
| Newfoundland[28] | but | [b?t] | 'but' | Less commonly unrounded [?].[28] See English phonology | |
| Faroese | lálla | [?l?tla] | 'seal flipper' | See Faroese phonology | |
| French | Parisian[29] | sotte | ? | 'silly' (f.) | The Parisian realization has been variously described as a back vowel [?] centralized to [?] before /?/[29] and central [?].[30] See French phonology |
| Galician | home | [??m?] | 'man' | See Galician phonology | |
| Georgian[31] | ????? stsori | [st?s???i] | 'correct' | ||
| German | Standard[32] | voll | ? | 'full' | See Standard German phonology |
| Hindustani | Hindi | ??? /kaun | [k??n] | 'who' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | ????/kaun | ||||
| Italian[33] | parola | ? | 'word' | Near-back.[33] See Italian phonology | |
| Javanese | ?? / r?s? | [r?s?] | taste, feeling | ||
| Kaingang[34] | pó | [?p?] | 'stone' | ||
| Kera[35] | [d???l] | 'hard earth' | Near-back.[35] | ||
| Kokborok | kwrwi | [k?r?i] | 'not' | ||
| Korean | North Korean | ?? / Chos?n | [t?s?s?n] | 'North Korea' | Both ? /?/ and ? /o/ in South Korean have merged into [?] in North Korean. See Korean phonology |
| Limburgish[36][37] | mòn | [m??n] | 'moon' | Lower [???] in the Maastrichtian dialect.[38] The example word is from the Hasselt dialect. | |
| Lower Sorbian[39] | p?osba | [?p??z?b?] | 'a request' | ||
| Low German | Most dialects | stok | [st?k] | 'stick' | May be more open [?] in the Netherlands or more closed [o?] in Low Prussian dialects. |
| Various dialects | slaap | [sl??p] | 'sleep' | May be as low as [??] and as high as [o?] in other dialects. | |
| Southern Eastphalian | brad[40] | [br??t] | 'bread' | Corresponds to [o?], [ou?], [?u?], [?o?] in other dialects. | |
| Luxembourgish[41] | Sonn | [z?n] | 'son' | Possible realization of /o/.[41] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Standard | sotong | [sot??] | 'squid' | Possible realization of /o/ and /u/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology |
| Negeri Sembilan | ??? / kita | [kit?] | 'we' (inclusive) | See Negeri Sembilan Malay | |
| Kelantan-Pattani | ????? / biasa | [b?s?] | 'normal' | See Kelatan-Pattani Malay | |
| Nepali | ?? | [p?????] | 'far' | Less rounded. Allophone of /?/ around labial consonants and in isolation.[42] | |
| ???? | [l?m?] | 'long' | Uncommon post-nasal allophone of /o/, which is commonly raised to [u].[43] | ||
| Norwegian | Some dialects[44] | s? | [s??] | 'so' | Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid [???] in other dialects.[44] See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | òda | [?e?] | 'ode' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Odia | ???? | [??t??] | 'meaning' | ||
| Polish[45] | kot | ? | 'cat' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects[46][47] | fofoca | [f??f??k?] | 'gossip' | Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ?o? allophones, such as [o? o ? u], varies according to dialect. |
| Some speakers[48] | bronca | [?b???k?] | 'scolding' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /??/. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Russian | Some speakers[49] | сухой sukhoy | [s???x?j] | 'dry' | More commonly realized as mid [o?].[49] See Russian phonology |
| Slovak | Standard[50] | ohúri? | [???u??ri?c] | 'to stun' | See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | Standard | moll | [m?l?] | 'minor scale' | See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | oyayi | [???jaj?] | 'lullaby' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | ?? ngo | [????] | 'to bend' | See Thai phonology | |
| Temne[51] | p?n | [p???n] | 'swamp' | Near-back.[51] | |
| Ukrainian[52] | любов lyubov | [l?u?b?w] | 'love' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[39][53] | pos | [p?s?] | 'dog' | See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Welsh | siop | [??p] | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian[54] | r?t | [r??t] | 'rat' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yoruba[55] | [example needed] | Nasalized; may be near-open [???] instead.[55] | |||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b c Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ a b c Geoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk
- ^ Roach (2004:242)
- ^ Wells (1982)
- ^ a b Wikstr?m (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Traunmüller (1981)
- ^ Khan (2010:222)
- ^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
- ^ McGill (2014), p. 308.
- ^ Gr?nnum (1998:100)
- ^ Basb?ll (2005:47)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Wells (1982:305)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson:74)
- ^ a b Wells (1982:498)
- ^ a b Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013:225)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Kn?bl (2015:34)
- ^ a b Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677, 682)
- ^ a b Pearce (2011:251)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Peters (2006:118–119)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
- ^ a b Stone (2002:600)
- ^ Schambach, Gerog (1858), "W?rterbuch der niederdeutschen Mundart der Fürstenthümer G?ttingen und Grubenhagen oder G?ttingischGrubenhagen'sches Idiotikon", p. 30.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Darnal, Arnav. "Spoken and sung vowels produced by bilingual Nepali speakers: A brief comparison". Himalayan Linguistics. 23 (1): 5–11. doi:10.5070/H923161723.
- ^ Pokharel, Madhav Prasad (1989), Experimental analysis of Nepali sound system (PhD), University of Pune, India
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010:26)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Varia??o inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2025-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de varia??o (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969:56)
- ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ ?ewc-Schuster (1984:20)
- ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
- ^ a b Bamgbo?e (1969:166)
References
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- Basb?ll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
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