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(Redirected from Voiced alveolar plosive)
| Voiced alveolar plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| d | |||
| IPA number | 104 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | d | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 | ||
| X-SAMPA | d | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| Voiced dental plosive | |
|---|---|
| d? | |
| IPA number | 104 408 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | d?̪ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064?U+032A |
| X-SAMPA | d_d |
| Braille |   |
The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ?d? (although the symbol ?d?? can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ?d?? the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.
There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops, among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.
Features
[edit]Features of the voiced alveolar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- There are three specific variants of [d]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Varieties
[edit]| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| d | plain d |
| d? | dental d |
| d? | postalveolar d |
| d? | breathy d |
| d? | palatalized d |
| d? | labialized d |
| d? | d with no audible release |
| d? | voiceless d |
| d? | tense d |
Occurrence
[edit]Dental
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | der? | [d???] | 'door' | ||||
| Arabic | Egyptian | ???? / donya | [?donj?] | 'world' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[1] | ???? / demk' | ? | 'face' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Western | ??? / dal | [d?ɑl] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Bashkir | д?рт / dürt | ? | 'four' | ||||
| Basque | diru | [d?i?u] | 'money' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Belarusian[2] | падарожжа/padaro??a | [p?d???ro???] | 'travel' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |||
| Bengali | ???/dūdh | [d?ud??] | 'milk' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | |||
| Catalan[3] | drac | [?d??ak] | 'dragon' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |||
| Dinka[4] | dhek | [d?ek] | 'distinct' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/. | |||
| Dhivehi | ????/Dhera | [d?e?a] | 'sad' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Dutch | Belgian | ding | [d???] | 'thing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| English | Dublin[5] | then | [d??n] | 'then' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | Corresponds to [e] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d?e].[5] | See English phonology |
| Southern Irish[6] | |||||||
| Geordie[7] | Word-initial allophone of /e/; may be realized as [e] instead.[7] | ||||||
| Indian | |||||||
| Ulster[8] | dream | [d??im] | 'dream' | Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |||
| Esperanto | mondo | [?mondo] | 'world' | See Esperanto phonology. | |||
| French[9] | dais | [d??] | 'canopy' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |||
| Georgian[10] | ???? | [?k?ud?i] | 'tail' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology | |||
| Hindustani[11] | Hindi | ??? / dūdh | [d?u?d??] | 'milk' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | Contrasts with aspirated form <?>. | See Hindi-Urdu phonology |
| Urdu | ???? / dūdh | Contrasts with aspirated form <??>. | |||||
| Irish | dorcha | [?d??????x?] | 'dark' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology | |||
| Italian[12] | dare | [?d???re] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |||
| Japanese[13] | 男性的 / danseiteki | [d?????se??t?e?k?i] | 'masculine' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | |||
| Kashubian[14] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||||
| Kazakh | дос | [d?os?] | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Kyrgyz[15] | дос | [d?os?] | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Latvian[16] | drudzis | [?d?rud??z?is?] | 'fever' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |||
| Marathi | ???/daga? | [d??ɡ??] | 'stone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology | |||
| Nepali | ???/din | [d?in] | 'daytime' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology | |||
| Odia | ??/da?a | [d??s?] | 'ten' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |||
| Pashto | ???/dwa | [?d?wɑ] | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Polish[17] | dom | ? | 'home' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | |||
| Portuguese[18] | Many dialects | dar | [?d?a?] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ???/dāl | [d?ɑ?l] | 'lentils' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Shahmukhi | ???/dāl | ||||||
| Russian[19] | два/dva | [?d?va] | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | Uist and Barra | leantail | [???nd?al] | 'following' | Allophone of [t?] after nasals. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[20] | дуга / duga | [d?ǔ?g?] | 'rainbow' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
| Sinhala | ??? | [d?a??s?] | 'day' | ||||
| Slovene[21] | danes | [?d?à?n??s?] | 'today' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology | |||
| Spanish[22] | hundido | [?n??d?ie?o?] | 'sunken' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |||
| Telugu | ?? | [d?aja] | 'Kindness' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant. | |||
| Turkish | dal | [d???] | 'twig' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |||
| Ukrainian[23][24] | дерево/derevo | [?d??r?β??] | 'tree' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Uzbek[25] | sifatida | [si??tid?] | 'as' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Wu | 唐/da | [d?ɑ?] | 'the Tang dynasty' | ||||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[26] | dan | [d?a?] | 'countryside' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
Alveolar
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | дахэ/daah? | [da?xa] | 'pretty' | ||||
| Assyrian | ???? werda | [wεrda] | 'flower' | Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [e?] in other varieties. | |||
| Bengali | ???/?ab | [d?ab] | 'green coconut' | True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [?]. See Bengali phonology. | |||
| Catalan[27] | susdit | [s?z?d?it?] | 'said before' | Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |||
| Czech | do | [do] | 'into' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Dutch[28] | dak | [dɑk] | 'roof' | See Dutch phonology | |||
| English | Most speakers | dash | [?d??] | 'dash' | See English phonology | ||
| Finnish | sidos | [?sido?s] | 'bond' | See Finnish phonology | |||
| Greek | ντροπ? / dropí | [dro??pi] | 'shame' | See Modern Greek phonology | |||
| Hebrew | ????/ do'ar | [?do?.???] | 'mail' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||
| Hmong | White Hmong | ???????? / dej | [de??] | 'water' | In Green Hmong, it'll be ???????? / dlej [dle??] | ||
| Hungarian | adó | [??do?] | 'tax' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Kabardian | дахэ/ daah? | [da?xa] | 'pretty' | ||||
| Khmer | ?? / dab | [dɑp] | 'bottle' | ||||
| Korean | ?? / adeul | [?d?l] | 'son' | See Korean phonology | |||
| Kurdish | Northern | diran | [d???:n] | 'tooth' | See Kurdish phonology | ||
| Central | ????/ dadan | [d?d?:n] | |||||
| Southern | ????/d?an | [di??:n] | |||||
| Luxembourgish[29] | brudder | [?b??ud?] | 'brother' | More often voiceless [t].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology | |||
| Malay | Standard (incl. Malaysian) | dahan | [d?h?n] | 'branch' | See Malay phonology | ||
| Indonesian[30] | |||||||
| Kelantan-Pattani | [dah??] | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |||||
| Maltese | dehen | [den] | 'wit' | ||||
| Tagalog | dalaga | [d??la??] | 'maiden' | See Tagalog phonology | |||
| Thai | ???/ dāw | [da?w] | 'star' | ||||
| Welsh | diafol | [djav?l] | 'devil' | See Welsh phonology | |||
| West Frisian | doarp | [?dwɑrp] | 'village' | ||||
| Yi | ?/dda | [da?] | 'competent' | ||||
| Yonaguni | 与那国 / dunan | [duna?] | 'Yonaguni' | ||||
Variable
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | ???/dīn | [di?n] | 'religion' | Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology. | |
| English | Broad South African[31] | dawn | [do?n] | 'dawn' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[31][32][33] |
| Scottish[32] | [d?n] | ||||
| Welsh[33] | [d??n] | ||||
| German | Standard[34] | oder | ? | 'or' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[34] See Standard German phonology |
| Norwegian | Urban East[35] | dans | [d?ɑns] | 'dance' | Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[35] See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian[36] | ?????/edāre | [eda?re] | 'office' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[36] See Persian phonology | |
| Slovak[37][38] | do | ? | 'into' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[37][38] See Slovak phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[39] | dag | [dɑ?ɡ] | 'day' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[39] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
- ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05.
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ S. Buk; J. Ma?utek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000:22)
- ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
- ^ a b Krá? (1988), p. 72.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b Riad (2014:46)
References
[edit]- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
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- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
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- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
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- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
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{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
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